A mark of the despised barbarian

Being a review of The Eye of the Beholder: Deformity and Disability in the Graeco-Roman World by Robert Garland

On one of my Amazon skims, I was browsing through a lot of disability literature. Most of it is current (i.e., within the last 20-30 years), with quite a bit even going back to the turn of the century. I was clicking "Add to Wishlist" pretty regularly.

(For those of you who don't know, I use my Amazon wishlist not as a way to get folks to buy things for me but rather as a reminder to myself of what I'd like to read one day. Then I look for one or two at a time at the library or order it through inter-library loan.)

So, I was noticing a pattern of disability literature being not more than a century-plus-change old, when this book appeared. Hmmmm, I know about Hephastus (Vulcan to the Romans), the lame-footed god who was the blacksmith of the gods and cuckholded by his wife Aphrodite, but that was pretty much it. Garland went through as much of the sketchy literature and art available to try to piece together how the deformed and disabled fared in Greek and Roman society. Obviously, there isn't much available, and of course, most of it is bad. Naturally there is the tale of Odysseus's dealings with Polyphemus, the one-eyed giant. Aristotle philosophizes on the deviation from the "ideal form". Pliny goes so far as to describe the "monstrosities" of humanity and animals as almost equals. Dwarves and deformed slaves were bought specifically for the entertainment of the elite, and whomever had the oddest, strangest being was envied by his peers.

Depressing as the actual history was, I still found it interesting and informative. The set of 60-something panels in the center of the book was fascinating. I mean, the way the non-disabled portrayed the disabled just fricking slays me! Because of their low, looooow social status, naturally the gimps weren't portrayed in high art with the expensive media, i.e., they weren't carved marble or painted. Sculptures were created of bronze or more commonly terracotta. Drawings/paintings appeared on the cheapest of vases or water urns. The mentally ill/disabled were not exempt, and their portrayal is probably the saddest of all -- grotesque and twisted faces shaped to supposedly reflect the internal madness.

One practice in a particular village was strangely resonant of today -- that of punishing or even executing "scapegoats" (generally the deformed or disabled) as a means of appeasing angry gods. Garland remarks, "The incident tells us much about the universal tendency to heap blame upon the weak and defenceless in periods of acute tension as a way of re-directing frustration and fear." This puts me in mind of the current state and federal budget issues of cutting money to the programs which help the weak and defenseless (poor, disabled both mental and physical, at-risk) in order to redirect constituents' frustrations and fears from looking more closely at the spending habits of those in power. Those in power call these programs "a drain on resources" which just reinforces the stigma.

Wow. I just realized how conspiracy theory that sounded. I've maybe been watching Hodgins too much on "Bones".